馬懼猴子 Why Horses Fear the Monkey
你說馬不怕八戒,只怕行者何也?行者五百年前曾受玉帝封在大羅天御馬監養馬,官名弼馬溫,故此傳留至今,是馬皆懼猴子。你说马不怕八戒,只怕行者何也?行者五百年前曾受玉帝封在大罗天御马监养马,官名弼马温,故此传留至今,是马皆惧猴子。
逐句解 Line by line
You ask why the horse was not afraid of Bajie, and yet was afraid of Pilgrim?
The storyteller breaks off and speaks to the room. Nobody in the story has asked this question; a listener might have, and that is the point of the device.
Five hundred years ago Pilgrim was appointed by the Jade Emperor to the Directorate of the Imperial Horse in the Heaven of Grand Network, to pasture the horses there, with the official title of Bimawen; and the thing has been handed down ever since, so that every horse goes in fear of monkeys.
The answer is a joke with several centuries behind it. Wukong's old post was the 御馬監, the Directorate of the Imperial Horse, and 監 in an office name is jiàn — the same reading as in 國子監, the Directorate of Education, and 欽天監, the Astronomical Bureau — not the jiān of supervising. 大羅天 is the topmost of the Daoist heavens. And 弼馬溫, the title itself, is a pun: it sounds like 避馬瘟, avert horse plague. Stablemen really did keep a monkey in the stalls to keep sickness off the horses, and that belief is precisely what this aside was written to explain.
The aside is a fossil of live performance. A storyteller who has just made a horse bolt at Wukong's shout can hear the obvious objection coming — Bajie was shouting too — and stops to dispose of it before going on. The 世德堂本 prints it as a paragraph of its own, and it reads as one: a complete question and answer that could be lifted out without disturbing the story on either side.
What the answer supplies is not really an explanation. The 弼馬溫 appointment back in chapter four was the insult that started Wukong's rebellion, the title he could not stand to hear; here it is quietly repurposed as a piece of practical stable lore. The novel has been calling him 弼馬溫 in mockery for most of the journey, and this is the one place where the job turns out to have been good for something.
There is a real folk belief underneath it. Keeping a monkey with the horses to keep them healthy is attested well before the novel was written, and the pun that gave Wukong his title — 弼馬溫 for 避馬瘟 — is that belief squeezed into three characters. The aside works in both directions: it explains the horse by the myth, and the myth by the horse.